An international review in Global Change Biology led by Stockholm University's Caroline Greiser argues that climate change as experienced by living organisms, in the microclimate near the ground or under a canopy, can differ substantially from regional averages. It identifies three pathways, direct atmospheric change, indirect change through vegetation, & feedbacks alongside the global climate, & shows, through a simulation of shrubs spreading across Turkish steppe, that vegetation can lower near-ground temperatures by up to 16 degrees on the hottest days while open ground warms faster. The authors say species-distribution models fed alongside regional data may misjudge where biodiversity is most at risk, & call for microclimate sensing, mechanistic modelling & conservation that protects thermal refugia .